| References Cited
Abramson, C.I., J. Squire, A. Sheridan, P.G. Mulder. 2004. The effect
of insecticides considered harmless to honey bees (Apis mellifera):
proboscis conditioning studies by using the insect growth regulators tebufenozide
and diflubenzureon. Environmental Entomology 33: 378-388
Alford, D. V. 1975. Bumblebees. Davis-Poynter Ltd., London, UK
Aliano, N.P. and Ellis, M.D. 2005. A strategy for using powdered sugar
to reduce varroa populations in honey bee colonies. J. Apic. Res. 44(2):
54–7.
Aliano, N.P., M.D. Ellis, B.D. Siegfried. 2006. Acute toxicity of oxalic
acid to Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and their Apis mellifera
(Hymenoptera:
Apidae) hosts in laboratory bioassays. Journal Economic Entomology 99(5):
1578-1582
Allen, M., B. Ball. 1996. The incidence and world distribution of honey
bee viruses. Bee World 77: 141-162
Amir, P., and H. Knipscheer. 1989. Conducting on-farm animal research:
Procedures and economic analysis. Morrilton, Arkansas, USA and Ottawa,
Canada: Winrock International and International Development Research Center.
Anderson, D.L., A.J. Gibbs. 1988. Inapparent virus infections and their
interationcs in pupae of the honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus)
in Australia. Journal of General Virology 69: 1617-1625
Arechavaleta-Velasco, M.E. and G.J. Hunt. 2004. Binary trait loci that
influence honey bee guarding behavior. Annals of the Entomological Society
American 97: 177-183.
Aronstein, K., E. Saldivar. 2005. Characterization of a honeybee Toll
related receptor gene Am18w and its potential involvement in antimicrobial
immune defense. Apidologie 36: 3-14
Aronstein, K., Pankiw,T., Saldivar, E. 2006. SID-1 is implicated in
systemic gene silencing in the honey bee. Journal of Apicultural Research
45: 20-24
Atkins, E. L., D. Kellum. 1986. Comparative morphogenic and toxicity
studies on the effect of pesticides on honeybee brood. Journal Apicultural
Research 25: 242-255
Bailey, L., B.V. Ball. 1991. Honey Bee Pathology. Academic Press Harcourt
Brace Javanovich, Publishers San Diego CA USA
Ball, B. V., M.F. Allen. 1988. The prevalence of pathogens in honey
bee (Apis mellifera) colonies infested with the parasitic mite Varroa
jacobsoni. Annals of Applied Biology 113: 237-244
Belzunces, L.P., S. Garin, M.E. Colin. 1993. A convenient biological
method for evidencing synergies between pesticides and bees: effects of
pyrethroid insecticides and azol fungicides applied at sub lethal dose.
In Fifth International Symposium on the hazards of pesticides to bees.
(Harrisson, E.G., Editor. Wageningen, The Netherlands, 70-75
Berényi, O., T. Bakonyi, I. Derakhshifar, H. Köglberger,
N. Nowotny. 2006. Occurrence of six honeybee viruses in diseased Austrian
apiaries. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72(4): 2414-2420 doi 10.1128/AEM.72.4.2414-2420
Beyer, A., Bandyopadhyay, S., Ideker, T. 2007. Integrating physical
and genetic maps: from genomes to interaction networks. Nature Reviews
Genetics 8: 699-710
Bitterman, M.E., R. Menzel, A. Fietz, S. Schafer. 1983. Classical conditioning
of the proboscis extension reflex in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.).
Journal of Comparative Physiology 97: 107-19
Bogdanov, S. 2004. Beeswax: quality issues today. Bee World 85: 46-50.
Bogdanov, S., V. Kilchenmann, A. Imdorf. 1998. Acaricide residues in
some bee products. Journal of Apicultural Research 37: 57-67
Bogdanov, S., A. Imdorf, V. Kilchenmann. 1998. Residues in wax and honey
after Apilife Var Treatment. Apidologie 29: 513-524
Bosch, J. and W. Kemp. 2001. How to manage the blue orchard bee. Sus.
Agri. Network, Nat. Agric. Libr. Beltsville, MD.
Bowen-Walker, P.L., S.J. Martin, A. Gunn. 1999. The transmission of
deformed wing virus between honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) by the
ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Journal of Invertebrate
Pathology 73: 101-106
Brian, A.D. 1951. The pollen collected by bumblebees. J. Anim. Ecology.
20: 919-194.
Briese, T., G. Palacios, M. Kokoris, O. Jabado, Z. Liu, N. Renwick,
V. Kapoor, I. Casas, F. Pozo, R. Limberger, P. Perez-Brena, J. Ju, W.I.
Lipkin. 2005. Diagnostic system for rapid and sensitive differential detection
of pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases 11(2): 310-3
Cameron, C.E., I. Sela, J. de Miranda, B. Yakobson, Y. Slabzeki. 2005.
Characterization of bee viruses and an investigation of their mode of spread.
www.bard-isus.com/320501_Cameron_Sela_BeeViruses.pdf
Cane, J.H. and D. Schiffhauer. 2003. Dose-response relationships between
pollination and fruiting refine pollinator comparisons for cranberry (Vaccinium
macrocarpon [Ericaceae]). American Journal of Botany 90: 1425-1432
Cantwell, G.E. 1970. Standard method of counting Nosema spores.
American Bee Journal 110: 222-223
Caron, D. 1999. Honey Bee Biology and Beekeeping. Wicwas Press, Cheshire
Connecticut
CCD Steering Committee. 2007. Colony Collapse Disorder Action Plan.
June 20, 2007
Chen, Y. and J. D. Evans, 2008. Prevalence and levels of Nosema ceranae
in healthy and declining honey bee colonies. 41st Annual Meeting of the
Society for Invertebrate Pathology and 9th International Conference on
Bacillus
thuringiensis. August 3-7, 2008 University of Warwick, Coventry, United
Kingdom. https://www.ent.iastate.edu/sip/2008/node/417. Visited May 16,
2008.
Chen, Y., Y. Zhao, J. Hammond, H. Hsu, J.D Evans, M. Feldlaufer. 2004.
Multiple virus infections in the honey bee and genome divergence of honey
bee viruses. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 87: 84-93
Chen, Y., Evans, J.D. 2007. Historical presence of Israeli acute paralysis
virus in the United States. American Bee Journal 147(12): 1027-1028
Chen, Y., Evans, J.D., Smith, I.B., Pettis, J.S. 2007. Nosema ceranae
is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of European
honey bees (Apis mellifera) in the United States. Journal of Invertebrate
Pathology doi:10.1016/j.jip.2007.07.010
Chen, Y., J. D. Evans, B. Smith, J. S. Pettis. 2008. Nosema ceranae
is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the European
honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States. Journal of Invertebrate
Pathology 97: 186–188
Chittka, L. and J.D. Thomson (eds.). 2001. Cognitive ecology of pollination:
animal behavior and floral evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
UK
Churchill, G.A. 2004. Using ANOVA to analyze microarray data. Biotechniques
37: 173–177
Colla, S.R., M.C. Otterslatter, R.J Gegear, and J.D. Thompson. 2006.
Plight of the bumble bee: pathogen spillover from commercial to wild populations.
Biological Conservation 129: 461-467
Collins, A.M. and J.S. Pettis. 2001. Effect of varroa infestation on
semen quality. American Bee Journal 141(8): 590-593.
Collins, A.M., Pettis, J.S., Wilbanks, R, and Feldlaufer, M.F. 2004.
Performance of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens reared in beeswax
cells impregnated with coumaphos. Journal of Apicultural Research 43(3):
128-134
Cox-Foster, D. L., S. Conlan, E. C. Holmes, G. Palacios, J. D. Evans,
N. A. Moran, P.-L. Quan, T. Briese, M. Hornig, D. M. Geiser, V. Martinson,
D. vanEngelsdorp, A. L. Kalkstein, A. Drysdale, J. Hui, J. Zhai, L. Cui,
S. K. Hutchison, J. F. Simons, M. Egholm, J.S. Pettis, W. I. Lipkin. 2007.
A metagenomic survey of microbes in honey bee colony collapse disorder.
Science 318: 283-287
Crailsheim, K., B. Leonhard. 1997. Amino acids in honeybee worker haemolymph.
Amino Acids 13: 141–153
Crailsheim, K. and Stolberg, E. 1989. Influence of diet, age and colony
condition upon intestinal proteolytic activity and size of the hypopharyngeal
glands in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Journal of Insect Physiology
35: 595-602
Crowder, M.J. and D.J. Hand. 1990. Analysis of repeated measures. Chapman
and Hall/CRC Press, 257 pp.
Decourte,A., C. Armengaud, M. Ranou, J. Devillers, S. Cluzeau, M. Gauthier,
M. Pham-Delegue. 2003. Imidacloprid impairs memory and brain metalbolism
in the honeybee (Apis mellifera L.). Pesticide Biochemistry and
Physiology 78: 83-92
De Graaf, D. C. and F. J. Jacobs. 1991. Tissue specificity of Nosema
apis. J. Invertebrate Pathology. 58:277-278.
DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., Curry, R. 2004. A mathematical model of Varroa
mite (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman) and honeybee (Apis
mellifera L.) population dynamics. International Journal of Acarology
30(3): 259-274
DeGroot, A.P. 1953. Protein and amino acid requirements of the honey
bee Apis mellifera. Physiologia Comparata et Oecologia 3: 201-285
Delaplane, K.S. 2007. Sustainable management of Varroa destructor.
Bee Craft [UK] 89(11): 15-19
Delaplane, K. S., D.F. Mayer. 2000. Crop pollination by bees. Wallingford,
UK: CABI Publishing (2000)
Delaplane, K.S., J.A. Berry, J.A. Skinner, J.P. Parkman, & W.M.
Hood. 2005.
Integrated pest management against Varroa destructor reduces
colony mite levels
and delays economic threshold. Journal of Apicultural Research 44(4):
117-122
Delaplane, K.S, J.D. Ellis, J.A. Berry. 2007. Profitability of a Varroa
IPM system. Book of Abstracts, International Conference on Recent Trends
in Apicultural Science, Mikkeli, Finland
de Miranda, J.R., M. Drebot, S. Tyler, M. Shen, C.E. Cameron, D.B. Stoltz,
S.M. Camazine. 2004. Complete nucleotide sequence of Kashmir bee virus
and comparison with acute be paralysis virus. Journal of General Virology
85: 2263-2270
Desneux, N., A. Decourtye, J.M. Delpeuch. 2007. The sub lethal effects
of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 52:
81-106
Dramstad, W.E., G.L.A. Fry, and M.J. Schaffer. 2003. Bumble bee foraging
– is closer really better? Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 95: 349-357.
Drummond, F.A. and C.S. Stubbs. 1997. Sampling bee populations in lowbush
blueberry in Maine. Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on
Vaccinium
Culture.
Acta Horticulturae 446: 101-108
Ellis, M.D., F.P. Baxendale. 1997. Toxicity of seven monoterpenoids
to tracheal mites (Acari: Tarsonemidae) and their honey bee (Hymenoptera:
Apidae) hosts when applied as fumigants. Journal of Economic Entomology
90: 1087-1091
Ellis, M.D., B.D. Siegfried, B. Spawn. 1997. The effects of Apistan®
on honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) responses to methyl parathion,
carbaryl and bifenthrin exposure. Apidologie 28: 123-127
Enriquez, F.J., O. Ditrich, J.D. Palting, K.Smith. 1997. Simple diagnosis
of Encephalitozoon sp. microsporidial infections by using a panspecific
antiexpospore monoclonal antibody. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35(3):
724-729
Es'kov, E.K., V.I. Maslennikova. 2004. Geographic variation in the seasonal
reproductive strategy of the mite Varroa jacobsoni in the honeybee
nest. Russian Journal of Ecology 35(2): 98-102 doi 10.1023/B:RUSE.0000018934.69973.84
Evans, J.D., Aronstein. K.A., Chen, Y.P., Hetru, C., Imler, J-L., Jiang,
H., Kanost, M., Thompson, G., Zou, Z., Hultmark, D. 2006 Immune pathways
and defense mechanisms in honey bees, Apis mellifera. Insect Molecular
Biology 15 (5): 645-656
Fakhimzadeh, K. 2001. Effectiveness of confectioner sugar dusting to
knock down Varroa destructor from adult honey bees in laboratory
trials. Apidologie 32: 139–48.
Fergusson, L.A. and M.L. Winston. 1988. The influence of wax deprivation
on temporal polyethism in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies.
Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 1997-2001
Finney, D.J. 1971. Probit Analysis. 3rd Ed. London, Cambridge University
Press.
Free, J.B. Insect Pollination of Crops. 2nd Edition, Academic Press:
London, UK
Fries, I. 1988. Infectivity and multiplication of Nosema apis
Z. in the ventriculus of the honey bee. Apidologie 19: 319-328
Fries, I. 1993. Nosema apis - a parasite in the honey bee colony.
Bee World 74: 5-19
Gardener, K.E., R.L. Foster, S. O’Donnell. 2006. Experimental analysis
of worker division of labor in bumblebee nest thermoregulation (Bombus
huntii, Hymenoptera: Apidae). Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 61: 783-792.
Fries, I., F. Feng, A. da Silva, S.B. Slemenda, J. Pieniazek. 1996.
Nosema
ceranae (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization
of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian Honey bee Apis cerana
(Hymenoptera, Apidae). European Journal of Protistology. 32: 356-365
Franklin, M.T., M.L. Winston, and L.A. Morandin. 2004. Effects of clothianidin
on Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health and foraging
ability. Journal of Economic Entomology 97: 369-373
Frazier, M., Mullin, C., Frazier, J., and Ashcraft, S. 2008. What have
pesticides got
to do with it? American Bee Journal 148(6): 521-524
Free, J.B. Insect Pollination of Crops. 1993. 2nd Edition, Academic
Press: London, UK
Gels, J.A., D.W. Held, and D.A. Potter. 2002. Hazards of insecticides
to the bumble bees Bombus impatiens foraging on flowering white
clover in turf. Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 722-728
Ghosh, R., B. Ball, M. Willcocks, M. Carter. 1999. The nucleotide sequence
of sacbrood virus of the honeybee: an insect picorna-like virus. Journal
of General Virology 80: 1541-1549
Gilliam, M., H. Shimanuki. 1967. IN vitro phagocytosis of Nosema
apis spores by honeybee hemocytes. J. Invertebrate Pathology 9: 387-389
Goulson, D. 2003. Bumblebees: their behavior and ecology. Oxford University
Press Inc., NY
Goulson, D. 2003b. Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems.
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 34: 1-26
Goulson, D., G.C. Lye, and D. Darvill. 2007. Decline and conservation
of bumble bees. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 53: 191-208.
Govan, V.A., N. Leat, M. Allsopp, S. Davison. 2000. Analysis of the
complete genome sequence of acute bee paralysis virus shows that it belongs
to the novel group of insect-infecting RNA viruses. Virology 277: 457-463
Graham (ed.). 2005. The hive and the honey bee. Dadant, Hamilton, IL,
1324 pp.
Grozinger, C. M., N.M. Sharabash,., C.W. Whitfield, and G.E. Robinson.
2003. “Pheromone mediated gene expression in the honey bee brain.” Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 (Suppl 2): 14519-25.
Grozinger, C.M., Fan, Y., Hoover, S.E.R. and M.L. Winston. 2007. Genome-wide
analysis reveals differences in brain gene expression patterns associated
with caste and reproductive status in honey bees (Apis mellifera).
Molecular Ecology 16: 4837-48
Haarman, T., Spivak, M., Weaver, D., Glenn, T. 2002. Effects of fluvalinate
and coumaphos on queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in two commercial
queen rearing operations. Journal of Economic Entomology 95(1): 28-35
Hanley, A.V., Z.Y. Huang, W. Pett. 2003. Effect of transgenic Bt corn
pollen on larval development of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) and
greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.) Journal of Apicultural
Research 42: 77-81
Harbo, J.R. 1985. Instrumental insemination of queen bees-part 2. American
Bee Journal 125(4):282-287.
Harbo J.R. and J.W. Harris. 2005 Supressed mite reproduction linked
to the behavior of adult bees. Journal of Apicultural Research 44: 21-23
Hassanein, M. H. 1951. The influence of Nosema apis on the larval
honey bee. Annals of Applied Biology 38:844-846.
Hassanein, M.H. l952. The effects of infection with Nosema apis
on the pharyngeal salivary glands of the worker honey bee. Proceedings
of Royal Entomological Society of London A 27: 22-27
Higes M, R. Martín, A.J. Meana. 2006. Nosema ceranae,
a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe. Invertebr Pathol.
92(2): 93-5.
Higes, M., P. Garcia-Palencia, R. Martin-Hernandez, A. Meana. 2007.
Experimental infection of Apis mellifera honeybees with Nosema
ceranae (Microsporidia). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 94: 211-217
Higes, M., R. Martin, A. Meana. 2006. Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian
parasite in honeybees in Europe. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92:
93-95
Higes, M, R. Martín-Hernández, E. Garrido-Bailón,
P. García-Palencia P, A. Meana. 2008. Detection of infective Nosema
ceranae (Microsporidia) spores in corbicular pollen of forager honeybees.
J Invertebr Pathol. 97: 76-8.
Honey Bee Genome Sequencing Consortium. 2006. Insights into social insects
from the genome of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Nature 443: 931-949
Hood, W.M. 2006. Evaluation of two small hive beetle traps in honey
bee colonies. American Bee Journal 146(10): 873-876
Huang, W.G., J.H. Jiang, Y.W. Chen, C.H. Wang. 2005. Complete rRNA sequence
of Nosema ceranae (Apis mellifera). http://gra103.aca.ntu.edu.tw/gdoc/F90632004a.pdf
Date: 2005-11-25
Huang, Z.Y., A.V. Hanley, W. Pett, J.J. Duan. 2004. Field and semi-field
evaluation of impacts of transgenic canola pollen on survival and development
of worker honey bees, Journal of Economic Entomology 97: 1517-1523
Huang, Z.Y., A.V. Hanley, W. Pett, J.J. Duan. 2004. Field and semi-field
evaluation of impacts of transgenic canola pollen on survival and development
of worker honey bees. Journal of Economic Entomology 97: 1517-1523
Huang, Z.-Y., G.E. Robinson, and D.W. Borst. 1994. Physiological correlates
of division of labor among similarly aged honey bees. Journal of Comparative
Physiology A 174: 731-739
Hunt, G.J., Amdam, G.V., Schlipalius, D., Emore, C., Sardesai, N., Williams,
C.E., Rueppell, O., Guzmán-Novoa, E., Arechavaleta-Velasco, M.,
Chandra, S., Fondrk, M.K., Beye, M. and R.E. Page Jr. 2007. Behavioral
genomics of honeybee foraging and nest defense. Naturwissenschaften 94:
247-267
Ibrahim, A. and M. Spivak. 2006. The relationship between hygienic behavior
and suppression of mite reproduction as honey bee mechanisms of resistance
to Varroa destructor. Apidologie. 37: 31-40
Kato, M. 1988. Bumblebee visits to Impatiens spp.: pattern and
efficiency. Oecologia 76: 364-370
Kay, Ronald D. 1986. Farm Management: Planning, Control, and Implementation.
Second edition. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY. Pgs 65-82
King, G.E. 1933. The larger glands in the worker honey-bee. A correlation
of activity with age and with physiological functioning. Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Klee, J., Besana, A.M., Genersch, E., Gisder, S., Nanetti, A., Tam,
D.Q., Chinh, T.X., Puerta, F., Ruz, J.M., Kryger, P., Message, D., Hatjina,
F., Korpela, S., Fries, I., Paxton, R.J. 2007. Widespread dispersal of
the microsporidian Nosema ceranae, an emergent pathogen of the western
honey bee, Apis mellifera. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 96:
1-10
Klein, A-M., B.E. Vaissiere, J.H. Cane, I. Steffan-Dewenter, A.A. Cunningham,
C. Kremen, and T. Tscharntke. 2007. Importance of pollinators in changing
landscapes for world crops. Proc. R. Soc. B. 274: 303-313
Knight, M.E., A. P. Martin, S. Bishop, J. L. Osborne, R. J. Hale, R.
A. Sanderson, D., Goulson. 2005. An interspecific comparison of foraging
range and nest density of four bumblebee (Bombus) species. Molecular
Ecology 14: 1811–1820
Kocher, S.D., F.J. Richard, D.R. Tarpy and C.M. Grozinger. “Genomic
analysis of post-mating changes in the honey bee queen”. BMC Genomics.
In press.
Kosier, A., W. Celary, P. Olenjnicazak, J. Fijal, W. Krol, W. Solarz,
and P. Plonka. 2007. The decline of the bumble bees and cuckoo bees (Hymenoptera:
Apidae: Bombini) of Western and Central Europe. Oryx 41: 79-88
Koywiwattrakul, P., G.J. Thompson, S. Sitthipraneed, B.P. Oldroyd, R.
Maleszka. 2004. Effects of carbon dioxide narcosis on ovary activation
and gene expression in worker honeybees, Apis mellifera. J Insect
Science 18: 5-36
Kremen, C. and R.S. Ostfeld. 2005. A call to ecologists: measuring,
analyzing, and managing ecosystem services. Frontiers in Ecology and the
Environment 3: 540-548
Kremen, C., N.M. Williams, R.L. Bugg, J.P. Fay, and R.W. Thorp. 2004.
The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination by native
bee communities in California. Ecology Letters 7: 1109-1119
Laloi, D. and M-H. Pham-Delegue. 2004. Bumble bees show asymmetrical
discrimination between two odors in a classical conditioning procedure.
Journal of Insect Behavior 17: 385-396
Lanzi, G., J.R. de Miranda, M.B. Boniotti, C.E. Cameron, A. Lavazza,
L. Capucci, S.M. Camazine, C. Rossi. 2006. Molecular and biological characterization
of deformed wing virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). Journal
of Virology 80: 4998-5009
Leat, N., B. Ball, V. Govan, S. Davison. 2000. Analysis of the complete
genome sequence of acute bee paralysis virus shows that it belongs to the
novel group of insect-infecting RNA viruses. Virology 277: 457-463
Lehotay, S.J. 2005. Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe approach
for determining pesticide residues. In Methods in Biotechnology, Vol 19,
Pesticide Protocols, Martinez Vidal, J.L. and Garrido Frenich (Eds.) Humana
Press, Totowa, NJ, pp.239-261
Lehotay, S.J. 2006. Determination of Pesticide Residues in Foods by
Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate: Unabridged
Report of the Collaborative Study. USDA Wyndmore, PA
Lin, S.A.Y. 1982. Theory and measurement of economic externalities.
Academic press, N.Y.
Liu, T.P. 1989. Juvenile hormone III induced ultrastructural changes
in the hypopharyngeal glands of honey bee Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera:
Apidae) without and with infection by Nosema apis Zander (Microsporidae:
Nosematidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology & Embryology
18: 73-83
Liu, T.P. 1990a. Ultrastructural changes in the secretion granules of
the hypopharyngeal glands of the honeybee infected by Nosema apis
and after treatment with fumagillin. Tissue and Cell 22:523-531
Liu, T.P. 1990b. Ultrastructural analysis on the gland secretion in
the extracellular ducts of the hypopharyngeal glands of the honeybee infected
by Nosema apis. Tissue and Cell 22: 533-540
Liu, T.P. 1992. Oöcyte degeneration in the queen honey bee after
infection by Nosema apis. Tissue and Cell 24: 131-138
Locke, S.J., Y.S. Peng and N.L. Cross. 1990. A supravital staining technique
for honey bee spermatozoa. Physiological Entomology 15: 187-192.
Krol, W.J., B.D. Eitzer, T. Arsenault, M.J.I. Mattina. 2007. Pesticide
residues in produce sold in Connecticut 2006 including a comparison of
two sample preparation methods. Bulletin 1012. The Connecticut Agricultural
Experiment Station, New Haven, CT
Lodesani, M., A. Pellacani, S. Bergomi, E. Carpana, T. Rabitti, P. Lasagni.
1992. Residue determination for some products used against varroa infestation
in bees. Apidologie 23: 257-272
Macedo, P.A., M.D. Ellis, B.D. Siegfried. 2002. Detection and quantification
off fluvalinate resistance in Varroa mites in Nebraska. American
Bee Journal 142(7): 523-526
Maddox, J.V. and L.F. Solter. 1996. Long-term storage of viable microsporidian
spores in liquid nitrogen. J. Euk. Microbiol. 43, 221-225.
Maori, E., S. Lavi, R. Mozes-Koch, Y. Gantman, Y. Peretz, O. Edelbaum,
E. Tanne, I. Sela. 2007. Isolation & characterization of IAPV, a dicistrovirus
affecting honeybees in Israel: evidence for diversity due to intra-and
inter-species recombination. Journal of General Virology
Martin-Hernandez R., Meana A., Prieto L., Salvador A.M., Garrido-Bailon
E., Higes M. 2007. Outocme of colonization of Apis mellifera by
Nosema
ceranae. Applied Environmentlal Microbiology 73: 6331-6338
Mondragón, L., Spivak, M. and R. Vandame. 2005. A multifactorial
study of the resistance of honeybees Apis mellifera to the mite
Varroa
destructor over one year in Mexico. Apidologie 36: 345-358
Morandin, L. and M. Winston. 2003. Effects of novel pesticides on bumble
bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colony health and foraging ability. Environmental
Entomology 32: 555-563
Morse, R. A., K. Flottum. 1997. Honey Bee Pests, Predators, and Diseases,
3rd edition. Medina OH: A.I. Root Company 21-22
Mullin, C. A., J. H. Kim. 2001. Phytochemical action at amino acid chemosensory
receptors: An approach to biopesticides, pp. 45-71. In O. Koul and G. S.
Dhaliwal [eds.], Phytochemical Biopesticides. Harwood Academic Publishers,
Amsterdam
NRC National Research Council. 2007. Status of pollinators in North
America. National Academies Press, Washington, DC
Nasr, M. E., R.W. Thorp, T.L. Tyler, D.L. Briggs. 1990. Estimating honey
bee (Hymenoptera; Apidae) colony strength by a simple method: Measuring
cluster size. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 748-512
Neumann, Peter, Dorothea Hoffmann. 2007. Small hive beetle diagnosis
and control in naturally infested honey bee colonies using bottom board
traps and CheckMite+ strips. Journal of Pest Science in press
Norman, D., and M. Collinson, 1986. Farming systems research in theory
and practice. In J. Remenyi (Ed.), Agricultural Systems Research for Developing
Countries, ACIAR Proceedings No. 11. Canberra, Australia: Australian Council
for International Agricultural Research. pp. 16-30
NRC National Research Council. 2007. Status of pollinators in North
America. National Academies Press, Washington, DC
Olson, K.D. 2003. Farm management: principles and strategies. Blackwell
Publ. 429 pp.
Palacios G, T. Briese, V. Kapoor, O. Jabado, Z. Liu, M. Venter, J. Zhai,
N. Renwick, A. Grolla, T.W. Geisbert, C. Drosten, J. Towner, Ju, J. Paweska,
S.T. Nichol, R. Swanepoel, H. Feldmann, P.B. Jahrling, W.I. Lipkin. 2006.
MassTag polymerase chain reaction for differential diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic
fever. Emerging and Infectious Disease 12(4): 692-5
Palacios G., P.L. Quan, O.J. Jabado, S. Conlan, D.L. Hirschberg, Y.
Liu, . Zhai, N. Renwick, J. Hui, H. Hegyi, A. Grolla, J.E. Strong, J.S.
Towner, T.W. Geisbert, P.B. Jahrling, C. Buchen-Osmond, H. Ellerbrok, M.P.
Sanchez-Seco, Y. Lussier, P. Formenty, M.S. Nichol, H. Feldmann, T. Briese,
W. I. Lipkin. 2007. Panmicrobial oligonucleotide array for diagnosis of
infectious diseases. Emerging and Infectious Disease 13(1): 73-81
Paxton, R.J., J. Klee, S. Korpela, I. Fries. 2007. Nosema ceranae
has infected Apis mellifera in Europe since at least 1998 and may
be more virulent than Nosema apis. Apidologie 28: 558-565
Pilarska, D.K., L. F. Solter, M. Kereselidze, A. Linde, G. Hoch. 2006.
Microsporidian infections in Lymantria dispar larvae: Interactions
and effects of multiple species infections on pathogen horizontal transmission.
Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 93: 105–113
Pleasants, J.M. 1981. Bumblebee response to variation in nectar availability.
Ecology 62: 1648-166.
Rasmont, P., A. Regali, T.C. Ings, G. Lognay, E. Baudart, M. Marlier,
E. Delcarte, P. Viville, C. Marot, P. Falmagne, J.-C. Verhaeghe, L. Chittka.
2005. Analysis of pollen and nectar of Arbutus unedo as a food source
for Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Economic
Entomology 98: 656–663
Ribbands, C.R. 1950. Changes in the behaviour of honey-bees following
their recovery from anaesthesia. Journal of Experimental Biology 27: 302-310
Rinderer, T.E., DeGuzman, L., Lancaster, V., Delatte, G., Stelzer, J.A.
1999. Varroa in the mating yard: The effects of Varroa jacobsoni
and
Apistan on drone honey bees. American Bee Journal 139: 134-139
Robertson, J.L., R.M. Russell, N.E. Savin. 1980. POLO: a user's guide
to Probit Or LOgit analysis. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-38, 15 p., illus. Pacific
Southwest Forest and Range Experimental Station, Forest Service, U.S. Dep.
Agric., Berkeley, Calif.
Roulston, T., J.H. Cane, S.L. Buchmann, 2000. What governs protein content
of pollen: pollinator preferences, pollen-pistil interactions, or phylogeny.
Ecological Monographs 70: 617-643
SAS Institute. 2008. SAS/STAT user’s guide, version 9.2. SAS Institute;
Cary, NC,
USA
Schenck, F. J., J.E. Hobbs. 2004. Evaluation of the quick, easy, cheap,
effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) approach to pesticide residue analysis.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 73:24-30
Schiff, N.M. and W.S. Sheppard. 1995. Genetic analysis of commercial
honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) from the southern United States. Journal
of Economic Entomology 88: 1216-1220
Schiff, N.M. and W.S. Sheppard. 1996. Genetic differentiation in the
queen breeding population of the western United States. Apidologie 27:
77-86
Seehuus, SC, K. Norberg, U. Gimsa, T. Krekling, G.V. Amdam. 2006. Reproductive
protein protects functionally sterile honey bee workers from oxidative
stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103: 962-967
Shen, M., L., Cui, N. Ostiguy, D. Cox-Foster. 2005a. Intricate transmission
routes and interactions between picorna-like viruses (Kashmir bee virus
and sacbrood virus) with the honeybee host and the parasitic varroa mite.
Journal of General Virology 86: 85-93
Shen, M.Q., X.L. Yang, D. Cox-Foster, L.W. Cui. 2005b. The role of varroa
mites in infections of Kashmir bee virus and deformed wing virus in honey
bees. Virology 342: 141-149
Shimanuki, H., K. Flottum, and A. Harman (eds.). 2007. The ABC and XYZ
of bee culture. A.I. Root Co., Medina, Ohio, 911 pp.
Shimanuki, H., N. Calderone, D. Knox. 1994. Parasitic Mite. American
Bee Journal 134: 827-829
Sieberts, S.K. and E.E. Schadt. 2007. Moving toward a system
genetics view of disease. Mamm. Genome 18: 389-401
Siva-Jothy, M.T., J. J. W. Thompson. 2002. Short-term nutrient deprivation
affects immune function. Physiological Entomology 27 (3): 206–212
Solter, L.F., P. J. Siegel, D.K. Pilarska, M.C. Higgs. 2002. The impact
of mixed infection of three species of microsporidia isolated from the
gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Journal
of Invertebrate Pathology 81: 103–113
Somerville, D.C. 2004. The floral resources of New South Wales of primary
importance to commercial beekeeping. Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National
University. pp. 255
Somerville, D.C., H.I. Nicol. 2006. Crude protein and amino acid composition
of honey bee-collected pollen pellets from south-east Australia and a note
on laboratory disparity. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture
46: 141-149
Spivak, M., G.S. Reuter. 1998. Performance of hygienic honey bee colonies
in a commercial apiary. Apidologie 29: 291-302
Stace, P. 1996. Protein content and amino acid profiles of honeybee-collected
pollens. Bees ‘N trees Consultants, Lismore, NSW
Stitt, J.P., R. P. Gaumond, J.L. Frazier, F. E. Hanson. 2003. Action
potential classifiers: A functional comparison of template matching, principal
components analysis, and an artificial neural network. Chemical Senses
23: 531-539
Stubbs, C.S., H.A. Jacobson, E.A. Osgood, and F.A. Drummond. 1992. Alternative
forage plants for native (wild) bees associated with lowbush blueberry,
Vaccinium
spp., in Maine. MAES Tech. Bull. 148. 54 pp.
Stubbs, C.S., F.A. Drummond, and E.A. Osgood. 1994. Osmia ribifloris
biedermannii
and Megachile rotundata (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
introduced into the lowbush blueberry agroecosystem in Maine. J. Kansas
Ent. Soc. 67(2): 173-185
Stubbs, C.S., E.A. Osgood, J.B. Dimond, and F.A. Drummond. 1996. Hymenoptera
diversity in Maine. In: Biological Diversity in Maine. Maine Natural Areas
Program, Maine Forest Biodiversity Project (S.C. Gawler, J.J. Albright,
P.D. Vickery, and F.C. Smith, eds.). Augusta, ME, pp. 81-86
Stubbs, C.S., F.A. Drummond, and S.L. Allard. 1997. Bee conservation
and increasing Osmia spp. in Maine wild blueberry fields. Northeast Naturalist.
4(3): 133-144
Stubbs, C, and Drummond, FA 1997a. Blueberry and Cranberry (Vaccinium
spp.) pollination: A comparison of managed and native bee foraging behavior.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Pollination. Acta Hort 437:
341-343
Stubbs, C.S. and F.A. Drummond. 1997b. Pollination of wild lowbush blueberry,
Vacciniumangustifolium
by the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata. Proceedings
of the Sixth International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture. Acta
Hort 446: 189-196
Stubbs, C.S. and F.A. Drummond. 2000. Pollination of lowbush blueberry
by Anthophora pallipes villosula and Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera:
Anthophoridae and Apidae). J. Kan. Entomol. 72 (3): 330-333
Stubbs, C.S. and F.A. Drummond. 2001a. Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera:
Apidae): An alternative to Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
for lowbush blueberry pollination J. Econ. Entomol. 94(3): 609-616
Stubbs, C.S. and F.A. Drummond (Editors). 2001b. Bees and Crop Pollination
– Crisis, Crossroads, Conservation. Thomas say Publications in Entomology,
Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD 156 pp.
Tarpy, D.R. and T.D. Seeley. 2006. Lower disease infections in honeybee
(Apis mellifera) colonies headed by polyandrous vs monandrous queens.
Naturwissenschaften 93:195-199
Tentcheva, D., L. Gauthier, N. Zappulla, B. Dainat, F. Cousserans, M.E.
Colin, M. Bergon. 2004. Prevalence and seasonal variations of six bee viruses
in Apis mellifera L. and Varroa destructor mite populations
in France. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70: 7285-7291
Thomson, H.M. 2001. Assessing the exposure and toxicity of pesticides
to bumblebees (Bombus sp.) Apidologie 32: 305-321
Thorp, R. W., M. D. Shepherd. 2005. Profile: Subgenus Bombus.
http://www.xerces.org/Pollinator_Red_List/Bees/Bombus_Bombus.pdf
Undeen, A. H., and N.E. Alger. 1971. A density gradient method of fractionating
microsporidian spores. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 18: 419-420
Undeen, A. H. and Vávra, J. 1997. Research methods for entomopathogenic
Protozoa. In Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology (L. A. Lacey, Ed.).
pp. 117-151. Academic Press, San Diego.
vanEngelsdorp, D., Hayes, J, Jr., Underwood, R.M., and J. Pettis. 2008.
A survey
of honey bee colony losses in the U.S., fall 2007 to spring 2008. PLoS
ONE 3(12):
e4071. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004071
Wallner, K. 1995. The use of varroacides and their influence on the
quality of bee products. American Bee Journal 135: 817-821
Wang, D.I. and F.E. Moeller. 1970. The division of labor and queen attendance
behavior of Nosema-infected worker honey bees. Journal of Economical
Entomology 63: 1539-1541
Wang, D.I. and F.E. Moeller. 1971. Ultrastructural changes in the hypopharyngeal
glands of worker honeybees infected by Nosema apis. Journal of Invertebrate
Pathology 17: 308-20
Webster, T. C., K. W. Pomper, G. Hunt, E. M. Thacker and S. C. Jones.
2004. Nosema apis infection in worker and queen Apis mellifera.
Apidologie 35:49-54
Webster, T.C., K.S. Delaplane (editors). 2001. Mites of the honey bee.
Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, Illinois, 280 pp
Webster, T. C., K. W. Pomper, G. Hunt, E. M. Thacker and S. C.. Jones.
2004. Nosema apis infection in worker and queen Apis mellifera.
Apidologie 35:49-54
Webster, T. C., E. M. Thacker, K. Pomper, J. Lowe, G. Hunt. 2008. Nosema
apis infection in honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens. J. Apic.
Res. 47(1):53-57
West, M.A.L., Kim, K., Kliebenstein, D.J., Leeuwen, H.V., Michelmore,
R.W., Doerge, R.W., St. Clair, D.A., 2007. Global eQTL mapping reveals
complex genetic architecture of transcript-level variation in Arabidopsis.
Genetics 175:1441-1450
Westphal, C., I. Steffan-Dewenter, T. Tscharntke. 2003. Mass flowering
crops enhance pollinator densities at a landscape scale. Ecology Letters
6(11): 961-965
Westphal, C., I. Steffan-Dewenter, and T. Tscarntke. 2006. Foraging
trip duration of bumblebees in relation to landscape-wide resource availability.
Ecol. Entomol. 31: 389–394
Whitfield, C.W., Behura, S.K., Berlocher, S.H., Clark, A.G., Johnston,
J.S., Sheppard, W.S., Smith, D.R., Suarez, A.V., Weaver, D. and N.D. Tsutsui
2006. Thrice out of Africa: Ancient and recent expansions of the honey
bee, Apis mellifera. Science 314:642-645
Whittington, R. and M.L. Winston. 2004. Comparison and examination of
Bombus
occidentalis and Bombus impatiens (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in tomato
greenhouses. J. Econ. Ent. 97: 1384–1389
Wilson, E.E., D. Holway, and J.C. Nieh. 2006. Cold anaesthesia decreases
foraging
recruitment in the New World bumblebee, Bombus occidentalis.
J. Apicult. Res. 45: 169-172
Winter, K., L. Adams, R. Thorpe, D. Inouye, L. Day, J. Ascher, S. Buchmann.
2006. Importation of non-native bumble bees into North America: potential
consequences of using Bombus terrestris and other non-native bumble
bees for greenhouse crop production in Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
www.pollinator.org/Resources/BEEIMPORTATION_AUG2006.pdf
Yang, X., D.L. Cox-Foster 2005. Impact of ectopoarasite on the immunity
and pathology of an invertebrate: Evidence for host immunosupression and
viral amplification. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences 102(21):
7470-7475
Zhou, W., Aylor, D.L., Zeng, Z.-B., 2007. eQTL Viewer: visualizing how
sequence variation affects genome-wide transcription. BMC Bioinformatics
8: 7 DOI:10.1186/1471-2105-8-7 |